Gentrification can take more than your Home: It can strip you of your sense of belonging

     Gentrification is “the process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste” According the The Oxford dictionaries. When a community is undergoing changes it can be a positive thing, as some communities tend to get safer and may even  look more aesthetically pleasing. Some communities are home to thousands of immigrants, who make up most of these communities. In discussions of gentrification , a controversial issue is the negative impact it can have on communities. On the one hand many living in neighborhoods that are lower class argue that they are being kicked out of their homes due to high prices. On the other hand the wealthy class argues that this change is good.Although gentrification is necessary change it should not break up existing communities as they affect long standing networks of Identity.

    Gentrification is a necessary change. In his article “ Gentrification is good for you” , Edward clarke blames how the widely accepted opinion that Gentrification is bad, stops people from seeing the necessity of gentrifying neighborhoods. He Argues that many fail to realize what gentrification actually can do for the economy. As Clarke puts it himself  “Another factor which many critics fail to recognise is that gentrifying businesses can play a big role in raising prosperity and wages for everyone in a city, not just those they directly employ.”To put it differently, As new business come in because of gentrifiers, it can help to increase the city’s wages and success for everyone not just those who they choose to employ. I agree that Gentrifiers bring in new business and new job opportunities, In my experience as my neighborhood rapidly changes with new stores going up it helps to bring in a lot of jobs for many who may have been currently unemployed.

    Gentrification is breaking up existing  communities though it has its positive effects. unfortunately gentrification can raise prices of rent. Causing lower income families to be pushed out of their homes. In Their article “ How “gentrification” In American cities maintains racial inequality and Segregation : Research Brief”  the Scholars Strategy Network, explains how middle class neighborhoods are starting to expand into neighborhoods that were once deemed unsafe and undesirable. However even though these neighborhoods are changing the poverty level and the inequality level aren’t.The scholars strategy network in their own word define gentrification “ as the reinvestment and renewal of previously debilitated urban neighborhoods that occurs as middle- and upper-middle-class residents move in”. Scholars Strategy Network definition of gentrification, clearly shows the cycle of  gentrification , as the middle and upper middle class move in the lower income families move out because they can not afford the prices that the upper middle class can pay. Therefore causing displacement of the lower class who most of the time are minorities.

See the source image

    Breaking up these communities can affect long standing networks of Identity among  minorities. The feeling of belonging to a community has numerous benefits on every individual. In her article “10 traits that make a good community” ,Stephanie Caldow expresses how an individual’s sense of wellbeing can be affected by the community that surrounds them. As Caldow puts it herself , “The quality of a community correlates to the degree of engagement  and happiness individuals can draw from community interactions. Sadly, some communities promote feelings of self-doubt and isolation.”  In other words, depending on how a community is wether it welcomes people with open arms or if it doesn’t it can directly impact how strong an individual may feel, it effects how happy they can be and how they interact with others. Caldow then begins to explain the importance of a positive community and what it can do for the individual. Caldow States “Positive experiences with communities allow individuals to feel more connected to their environment and the people in it. This form of connection also provides a support system for members when they are in need of encouragement or sympathy.”  Communities can help people feel that they belong to something which is important because when we lose that sense of belonging we begin to feel alienated. The problem with Gentrification is that it can negatively impact communities often times tearing them apart. A Lot of the times minorities often migrate from other parts of the world, often leaving behind a way of life causing them to feel alone . But these communities help them to feel connected to something once again.

See the source image

    All in all, gentrification has positive impacts on neighborhoods however they may not be positive to everyone. Some may argue that gentrification leaves you with safer neighborhoods, though this is true sometimes native residents can react aggressively to gentrifiers.Though it does bring on necessary changes, minority groups who often make up a lot of neighborhoods are being pushed  out leaving them with no place to go. Not only is this unfair but this negatively impacts how an individual can feel.

 

Shabaj Hussain

English 110

October 19, 2019

 

                   City Of Production: Industrial Factories Good or Dad for Modern Day Society

Over the course of time people build buildings and infrastructure that is necessary in our lives. Most of these constructions can have a negative effect toward the environment. Air pollution caused by industrial factories can impact everything around us. When it comes to the topic of air pollution, most people may argue that industrial factories aren’t the only cause of air pollution, in which they are correct, however to eliminate the problem as quickly we must look to what is closest to us. Ultimately, what is at stake here is the increase in the health risk since it will affect everyone around it. It has been proven that air pollution can damage the ozone layer which creates smog a fog like air pollution that is extremely harmful to a human’s body. Although industrial factories is a necessary factor for our modern lifestyle, the risks they pose such as lung disease, asthma rates, and skin problems demand that we need to find a solution. Therefore what we do in the matter will decide how we live in our society.

 

In modern lifestyle industrial factories is a necessary part of our society. In the article “just how important is manufacturing” by Willy C. Shih, the author introduces his work by stating that manufacturing is important for economic future. Shih speaks about visiting hundreds of factories that produce a million notebook computers a week, microchip engine controllers for 40% of the world’s cars. He points out that “most Americans believe factory work is mechanical, snapping together plastic parts or assembling electronic devices”. Shih explains that many of the jobs in manufacturing are enormous amount of sophisticated knowledge work. Shih ends by saying that if “a country loses the ability or the capacity to manufacture, its innovation space will be truncated”. In the article, “just how important is manufacturing”, Shih mentions that “They include ones that produce a million notebook computers a week,… microchip engine controllers for 40% of the world’s cars, key components for iPhones, commercial jet engines, scientific instruments, heavy construction equipment, tools for making semiconductors, and solar panels.” Shih’s point is that manufacturing factories are very essential in the modern world. It manufactures almost everything we use from the smallest such as cellphones to the biggest vehicle. The factories are what is helping us to make new discoveries and is the future of the changing environment. In other words, factories have the potential to shape our future toward more environmentally friendly. Furthermore the usage of these factories will ultimately decide the impact it has on our planet either good or bad.

https://hbr.org/2012/02/just-how-important-is-manufact

 

Air pollution caused by industrial factories are a major problem in our society. It can affect everyone and everything around it. There are many risks such as lung disease, asthma rates, and skin problems. The article “NYC is among smoggiest city in Nation, report says” by Adam Nichols, the author talks about New York being ranked tenth worst in the country for smog levels. He also mentions that the “increase in unhealthy air is eye-opening, and points to the reality that the nation must do more to protect the public from serious, even life-threatening harm.” Nichols points out that “Nationwide, more than 141 million people lived in areas last year with unsafe levels of the two, the report found. That’s an increase of more than 7 million from 2017.” Nichols explains that researchers with the Lung Association measured particle pollution in short and long term intervals. Short-term refers to daily spikes that can prove deadly, while long-term is yearly average. According to the article, “NYC is among smoggiest city in nation, report says,” Nichols mentions that “Ozone pollution, often called smog, is unhealthy and essentially leaves a sunburn on the lungs, the report said. Breathing in ozone can leave people suffering from shortness of breath and cause bouts of coughing, asthma attacks and even early death.” This evidence shows that it is very unhealthy for many people living in environments that 

are polluted. We all want to live in an environment that is safe for us and our children but it is difficult to achieve when there is ozone pollution. It is dangerous for people with health issues to stay in areas where the air is not clean. This image shows us the smog fog in Manhattan. The picture may not show much but the smog exists and it is very dangerous for people. Many people come and go in New York City, many tourists come to see Manhattan one of the most popular boroughs, and to think that it is contaminated with pollution is very alarming. Consequently It is in our hands to decide if we want to risk living in polluted area or to make a change to the community.

https://patch.com/new-york/new-york-city/nyc-among-smoggiest-cities-nation-report-says

 

Industrial factories produce too much air pollution that demands us to find the solution to the problem. The article “How to cure smoke pollution from factories”by Doug Johnson, the author speaks about the existential threat of smog from factories that has on both the environment and human health. He points out that “different governments around the world have mandated actions to reduce the level of toxic emissions from industrial processes, such as reducing the amount of harmful chemicals used in these processes, and utilizing technologies to capture them before the chemicals enter Earth’s atmosphere.” Johnson explains that different industries around the world use different materials and chemicals to make their product. He also points out that “In 2014, the United States’ coal power industry released 41.2 tons of lead, 9,332 pounds of cadmium, 576,185 tons of carbon monoxide and 77,108 pounds of arsenic into the air.” With this action came many risks for humans such as cancer, heart disease and bronchitis. Johnson states that the efforts to reduce industrial air pollution involves encouraging or enforcing renewable and clean sources of energy rather than coal and fossil fuels. Around 85 percent of United State’s energy comes from fossil fuels rather than renewable resources like solar or wind energy. Johnson remind us that While new technologies allow these plants to use less-harmful materials, it could be challenging to use environmentally friendly resources considering it is easier to use their harmful counterparts that have a long history of industrial use. According to the article “How to cure smoke pollution from factories” it states, “Part of government efforts to reduce industrial air pollution involves encouraging or enforcing renewable and clean sources of energy rather than coal and fossil fuels.” Johnson’s point is that it would be preferable to replace fossil fuel with clean and renewable energy. With this idea we can decrease effect air pollution on us and our environment. When chemicals goes into the air, it not only affects us but everything around us as well. For instance, air pollution can damage the ozone layer which can create smog a fog that is bad for our health. Air pollution can cause acid rain and make fish poisonous to humans. In New York City, Manhattan one of the five boroughs is full of life which was a victim of smog. It should be our priority to keep it clean of air pollution. Furthermore the less bad chemicals we have in the air, the better it is for our health and the community.

https://sciencing.com/cure-smoke-pollution-factories-23979.html

Of course, many will probably believe that industrial factories are not the main cause of air pollution. While it is true that industrial factories aren’t the only factor to consider when it comes to air pollution.

This diagram shows us that factories are not the only cause of air pollution. As a matter of fact industrial factories are a major cause of air pollution. With our ever changing world it demands us to make new and replace the old leading to more usage of industrial factories to create more and more to keep up the change. My research was to show the impact of industrial factories in our city. No one should have to be in constant fear being at risk of having cancer, lung disease, asthma, or heart disease. People who live in areas with high poverty rate are in higher health risk. While industrial factories has its downsides, it is the one that keeps our economy rolling. It provides us with the necessary resources we need for our daily life. With the help of industrial factories making new discoveries were made possible. For instance, factories that made rocketship parts which allowed us to go to the moon and tools that helped scientists make new medicine. Back when I was living in my country the air quality wasn’t great. A lot of the street were filled smoke because many of the vehicles let out bad smoke. When I came to America, I thought everything was better, the air looked clean and the environment looked much better than where I came from. As the years passed, living in New York City I began to notice many of the areas didn’t have clean air. While touring Manhattan I would notice that black smoke would come out building’s rooftop. I would always thought to myself why would no one change that. Consequently it is up to make a change in our society if we and our children want to live a healthy life.

Da Boogie Down: Asthma and the South Bronx

 

The Bronx – Home of Hip-Hop. The popular music genre was developed by inner-city African Americans and Latinos in the Bronx during the 1970s. The Bronx is not only known for its music, but also for the vast diversities of cultures, restaurants, neighborhoods and bridges. It is also the home of Yankee stadium. The Bronx is also known for its various highways, parkways, thruways and bridges that connect to Upstate New York, Queens, Manhattan, New Jersey and other states. In addition to all this, the Bronx is known for its high asthma rates. Although the traffic conditions of the South Bronx cannot be controlled, the impact of traffic in this location has led to an increase in pollution, causing asthma levels to rise. 

Asthma is a lung disease that has affected approximately 16.4 million adults and 7.0 million children in the United States. Even though the exact cause of asthma is unknown, it can be treated with appropriate medical care and avoiding exposure environmental causes. According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), in 2008, an estimated 1,293,638 adults in New York State had asthma and an estimated 475,303 children in New York State. According to a graph by Montefiore, asthma-related emergency room visit rates among adults are almost two-times greater than the rest of NYC. (Montefiore, Graph)                                                                 

Studies show that 11-13% of the Bronx’s population consists of asthmatics, sometimes reaching up to 17% in certain regions. According to the CDC, the South Bronx is one of the two most asthma filled neighborhoods in New York City. The CDC also states that 10% consists of adults who are asthmatic and 8.5 % consists of children who are asthmatic. (CDC, Percentages)

The South region of the Bronx has been affected, due to the fact that it is located underneath three major expressways such as The Bruckner, The Major Deegan and Cross Bronx. The result of its location has led to poor traffic conditions that cause pollution to take its effect on adults and children of all ages and causing asthma levels to rise from it. With the increase in carbon monoxide from the cars, it has led to an increase in hospitalizations amongst the population mostly taking place in Melrose and Mott Haven.

The map shown above depicts the percentage of adults with asthma in the US. The darker areas show higher concentration of people with asthma. The upper part of the map is where both pollution and asthma levels are most concentrated. It also shows various interstates in which one leads to an airport. As the planes pass by, it could be another cause in which why the South Bronx is also polluted.

The second map depicts the percentage of people under the age of 18 in the US. It is depicted not only in  the upper part of the map but it’s evenly distributed to the lower left and right of the map. This shows children or people under 18 are more likely to have asthma than adults. 

As an asthmatic person, I need to take care of myself. I have had asthma since I was a small child and many times I had to go to the emergency room to get treated. If  inhaling polluted air or carbon monoxide from cars, can cause severely damage your lungs and cause possibly in serious cases cancer. 

Bibliography:

  1. Butini, Cecilia. “Asthma By The Numbers.” Medium, Asthma in the South Bronx, 30 Jan. 2018, https://medium.com/asthma-in-the-south-bronx/asthma-by-the-numbers-73553b2c9621.

I chose this source because it explains how pollution has affected the South Bronx. The author elaborates, explaining the reasons for higher pollution in the area,  and provides data on how many adults and children have been hospitalized. The article provides statistics from The New York City Department of Health showing that public schools had also been affected. Additionally, the author explains how this has mostly affected the African-American and Latino ethinic groups. 

  1. “Asthma.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 Oct. 2019, https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/default.htm.

I chose this source because the CDC studies and measure all different kinds of diseases. They also update their site regularly to show how their research changes. This site explains how the CDC’s National Asthma Control Program helps Americans with asthma to achieve better health and improved quality of life. They offer programs and other resources to aid in learning about asthma and what can affect it. 

 

Jedidiah Lopez
Professor Michael
Eng 110
11-15-19

The topic for my map that I will be doing is about homelessness in the Bronx. The reason why I wanted to do this is not only because I live in the Bronx but every time I come home from work I would always see and notice homeless people laying down on the street asking for money. I would always think of how they got in that position, was it lack of not paying for bills?/health problems?/ or maybe some other personal problems. I remember one time I was discussing this with one of my friends and he said that being homeless was a choice this spoke for me to explore the reasons/circumstances that lead to homelessness in the Bronx. When it comes to the topic of homeless, most of us will readily agree that seeing people living in poverty is sad we feel pity for them. When this agreement usually ends, however, is on the question of it being a concern for society. Whereas some are convinced that homelessness is a product and it results from circumstances beyond an individual’s control. Society needs to acknowledge that they are the only ones that can help the homeless which is why this is being presented to you. The bronx has up to 1.3 million people living in it and half of that, 50% are homeless and/or struggling to keep up with the bills. This issue is to the people specifically in my borough because I live here and I know I can relate because we see homelessness at least once a day, whether it is on the bus, train or even on the street. Although homelessness is a major issue because some people think it is a choice but reality along with data and facts says it’s due to some factors such as mental health, personal problems or being in debt. Consequently, this should be a concern but I want people to see the viewpoint that being homeless is not a choice and figure out why and to try to prevent it. An example of how homelessness live on a day to day basis is shown: (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHDkALRz5Rk)
Nowadays in society the topic of homelessness is not a major concern because people do not seem to notice and automatically assume it is a choice rather looking at the factors that can cause it such as being in debt or mental problems. According to the article “Changes in daily substance use among people experiencing homelessness and mental illness: 24-month outcomes following randomization to Housing First or usual care” it talks about some factors that affect people to the point so much that it brings them down and eventually they are homeless. In Julian M. Somers, Akm Moniruzzaman & Anita Palepu views they state, “Substance-related disorders are the most common psychiatric conditions among people who are homeless, and are associated with elevated risk for chronic homelessness, infectious diseases and mortality.” This is what happens to people when they become homeless, they get diseases, disorders due to the fact that they are homeless. Once people end up being homeless it can have a devastating effect on them. For instance another article called “ Mastery matters: consumer choice, psychiatric symptoms and problematic substance use among adults with histories of homelessness” talks about the problems of the homeless, what to do to survive and I can’t help to think after reading this that people still think being homeless is a choice, they are struggling with society as is and are trying to get out of the hole. The author Ronni Michelle Greenwood states “Indeed, individuals with histories of homelessness do have higher rates of trauma, victimization (e.g. Goodman et al. 1991, Stewart et al. 2004) and physical illness (Hwang 2001) than the general population.” This means that homelessness can affect the person even after they get out of being homeless which can have an impact for them during their lifetime. The way homeless starts can be troubling. For instance the article “Why Are People Homeless?” mentions, “ERODING WORK OPPORTUNITIES Reasons why homelessness persists include stagnant or falling incomes and less secure jobs which offer fewer benefits. Low-wage workers have been particularly have been left behind as the disparity between rich and poor has mushroomed.” This is just one of the ways people get fired and then become homeless, it is not their choice to b e fired.

People need to reconsider the options and think about the topic: Homelessness and need to understand that it is a major issue in today’s society and see that it is not a choice, here are just some ways people do not choose to be homeless. Another way people become homeless the article explains is housing. When the apartments go up it cause people to move out therefore hard to just move out of the home so unexpectedly.  However, many mentally ill homeless people are unable to obtain access to supportive housing and/or other treatment services. The mental health support services most needed include case management, housing, and treatment. it shows the data that was collected from previous year. To start off, the article “ Why are people homeless?” says “A lack of affordable housing and the limited scale of housing assistance programs have contributed to the current housing crisis and to homelessness. According to HUD, in recent years the shortages of affordable housing are most severe for units affordable to renters with extremely low incomes. Federal support for low-income housing has fallen 49% from 1980 to 2003 (National Low Income Housing Coalition, 2005). About 200,000 rental housing units are destroyed annually. Renting is one of the most viable options for low income people (Joint Center for Housing Studies).” Housing can cause a major issue due to the fact there is a limit to the housing assisting programs and on top of this the rental housing units get taken out per year. Another way people can become homeless is mental illness. Mental illness is “any disease of the mind, psychological ones”. They can control how you act and why you act like that. The article “Why are people homeless?.” gives more insight. There it says: “Despite the disproportionate number of severely mentally ill people among the homeless population, increases in homelessness are not attributable to the release of severely mentally ill people from institutions. However, many mentally ill homeless people are unable to obtain access to supportive housing and/or other treatment services. The mental health support services most needed include case management, housing, and treatment.”. It is not the people’s fault that they have mental illness rather they need help instead of society pushing them away. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOraK2E58vo) Homelessness can not be a choice and is not a choice. The last two factors that can contribute to homelessness is the lack to afford healthcare and being in a domestic violence with someone. Not being able to have healthcare can lead to major problems such as developing illness therefore not being able to work and thus not being able to pay the rent. With domestic violence when women get into this once they get kicked out it is hard to get back on your feet. In the article “Why are people homeless.?” it states “Lack of Affordable Health Care: For families and individuals struggling to pay the rent, a serious illness or disability can start a downward spiral into homelessness, beginning with a lost job, depletion of savings to pay for care, and eventual eviction. One in three Americans, or 86.7 million people, is uninsured. Of those uninsured, 30.7% are under eighteen. In 2007-2008, four out of five people that were uninsured were working families. Work-based health insurance has become rarer in recent years, especially for workers in the agricultural or service sectors (Families USA, 2009). Domestic Violence: Battered women who live in poverty are often forced to choose between abusive relationships and homelessness. In addition, 50% of the cities surveyed by the U.S. Conference of Mayors identified domestic violence as a primary cause of homelessness (U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2005).Approximately 63% of homeless women have experienced domestic violence in their adult lives (Network to End Domestic Violence).” This is the data to show how homelessness can occur and it is not by choice. (https://www.coalitionforthehomeless.org/basic-facts-about-homelessness-new-)
Research has shown that homelessness is caused not by only one factor but by multiple and none of those factors are a choice, rather they just happen not by the people choosing it. This can impact society as is and we need people to see the other perspectives and points of view that this is not chosen for them. The homeless may affect the community which therefore can have a lasting impact on how society runs. There are many myths and assumptions that homeless just “choose” to be homeless but the truth and data shows it is not the truth. I hope this brought a greater understanding and opened a new light for you. (www.understandhomelessness.com)

 

TEAM: Trash Rules Everything Around Me

Charlotte Komguem                                                                                        12/10/2019

Section: 216B

English:110

TREAM: Trash Rules Everything Around Me.

Although trash is necessary to farmers in the form of compost. It is beneficial to people in urban develops because the smell bacteria and viruses that comes from uncontrolled trash can cause illnesses such as heart disease and environmental problems like air pollution. Recent studies like these shed new light on our environment through of department of sanitation.

Those people keeps their garbage because it can be useful or recycle. According to the New York times, through the impact of garbage to New-York city neighborhoods. By focusing on the city  New York times overlooks the deeper problem of trash. In fact, regarding the mountains of trash in New York city. We can see food animal corpses and  intolerable smell, with contribute to poor air quality. In fact that leads to cardiovascular issues and air pollution. Trash in landfills can be used for compost. Our main rationale from the thesis without because it shows us, “ how are the garbage from?”. In addition our city has rubbish around the streets, through the fast food restaurants, dunking donuts, Starbucks coffee and the seller around the streets. We can observe the cans, plats, spoiled food and the restaurants plastic bag.

Although New York city has the waste systems to keep the city clean. I celebrate the fact that exploring urban data urges us to “ what does New York do with all its trash? One city’s waste-in numbers”2019.  Exploring urban data is surely right about the public and  private waste system because, the private waste is from business. And then The public waste from residences and government buildings. In fact everyday New York public garbage truck collected less than 7000 tones. After finishing their route, it will be deposited in New York’s waste transfer station. Then it  will be carried to a landfill.

I advocate a radical revision of the garbage and recycling in New-York. In the video, the author writes how much the population threw the trash everyday. Also, the department of sanitation and private companies struggle to keep the city clean. It shows us how the department has  norms by dividing the trash in 3categories. Those devisers are  paper, metal/ glass, plastic/ mixed solid waste. In addition the video highlighted new trash is death with step by step. How are carried the trash to the next stop. Also it will be deposited to landfill and will be used as organic compost.

But New York times would certainly take issue with the argument, that trash rules everything around me. My map shows us where the department of sanitation transported the trash. Through  two waste systems: the private and public. And then, it demonstrates the causes of the mountains of trash by cardiovascular diseases, poor air quality. Finally, it explains the types of garbage and how the waste system struggle to clean our city each day. This calls me back to my own experience. In my country, less people throw trash.  Because more of them are farmers, and they keep recycle to sold to the companies of transformation. But our department of sanitation doesn’t work everyday. In the same way, it is to keep the city clean and avoid air pollution who can be a danger for our health.

 

Mental Illness Final Research Paper

Tiana Vanriel

English 110

Section 315D

 

I will be mapping facilities around New York which focus mainly on treating students and citizens who suffer with mental illnesses. I will also include data of the percentage of individuals struggling with these illnesses in NY. This will help to spread awareness on how much of a factor these illnesses can have in one’s life. Furthermore, they can make school significantly harder, or even interfere with daily life. Although invisible disabilities are often overlooked, they have the capacity to impact the success of students, and citizens, therefore there should be more facilities which focus on these disabilities, and schools should incorporate counseling. Overall, mental illnesses must be treated accordingly to ensure that every student has the same opportunities available.

There are various forms of mental illnesses, which all have different symptoms, many of which are not observable. For example, depression results in having episodes of sadness with each episode being more severe than the last. Bipolar Disorder is a form of mental illness which is associated with episodes of mood swings from depressive lows to manic highs. So basically, these both have the capacity to change someone’s mood uncontrollably. As severe as these illnesses seem, they are often overlooked as they are “invisible disabilities” which are not seen by outsiders. The article “Study Says One In 5 New Yorkers Suffer from Depression, Mental Illness” by Rebecca Fishbein, which focuses on the effects of mental illness specifically in New Yorkers. For instance, Fisbein explains “ depression was most prevalent among New Yorkers, with eight percent of the population suffering from major depressive disorder.” Notably, depression is prominent in New Yorkers, which is shown by the high percentage. Nonetheless, based on this data it is obvious that mental illnesses can affect more than just students, as it is common in all citizens.

Students with conditions that hinder their learning abilities often go unnoticed, which is why facilities need to be prepared to give these kids the proper education they deserve. The article “How The Loss Of U.S. Psychiatric Hospitals Led To A Mental Health Crisis” by Samantha Raphelson describes the lack of psychiatric hospitals to treat mental illnesses. Raphelson explains that “The disappearance of long-term-care facilities and psychiatric beds has escalated over the past decade” Moreover, there are not enough facilities meant to treat these illnesses, as the number of hospitals is continuing to decrease over the years. Overall, there must be more attention brought upon how important the implementation of these hospitals are to students and citizens. 

The citizens who are affected by these forms of mental illnesses often act out in their daily life, hindering their ability to perform well at work, or even complicating progress in the school system. This can also result in a change of living condition, for example being treated as if they are a danger to society or themselves. With use once again of the article “How The Loss Of U.S. Psychiatric Hospitals Led To A Mental Health Crisis”, this also focuses on the how severe mental illnesses can become and how people must be treated accordingly. Specifically, “Many times individuals who really do require intensive psychiatric care find themselves homeless or more and more in prison.” Evidently, citizens who are in need of intense psychiatric care are often tossed to the side, or are being sent to correctional facilities, which inhibits the ability for individuals to carry on with their daily lives. Although mental illnesses may be invisible, they should be taken care of just like any other illness.

Despite how useful creating new psychiatric hospitals can be, this implementation and maintenance is very costly. The article “The Highest Health Care Cost In America? Mental Disorders.” by Lindsay Holmes focuses on the expense of health care as a whole. Specifically, Holmes discusses “Heart conditions were the second costliest condition, falling far behind mental disorders at $147 billion.” Moreover, the treatment of heart issues along with mental disorders are equaling an overwhelming expense.

 

Work Cited

Raphelson, Samantha. “How The Loss Of U.S. Psychiatric Hospitals Led To A Mental Health Crisis.” NPR, NPR, 30 Nov. 2017, www.npr.org/2017/11/30/567477160/how-the-loss-of-u-s-psychiatric-hospitals-led-to-a-mental-health-crisis.

Chatel, Amanda. “What I Wish I Knew About The Cost Of Mental Health Care Before Being Hospitalized.” Bustle, 7 Jan. 2018, www.bustle.com/p/the-cost-of-mental-health-hospitalization-is-part-of-what-makes-mental-health-care-inaccessible-15919218.

Fishbein, Rebecca. “Study Says One In 5 New Yorkers Suffer From Depression, Mental Illness.” Gothamist, Gothamist, 13 Nov. 2015, gothamist.com/news/study-says-one-in-5-new-yorkers-suffer-from-depression-mental-illness.

Social Media And Mental Illness

 

 

                                                   Social Media and Mental Illness 

 

 

Let’s agree that in our today’s world, Social media has invaded our lives. Unconsciously we give social media so much priority that now it started to control us. We all have become addicted to social media that when we don’t use it, we feel like we can’t live without them. The past ten years, social media has become so powerful that it controls everything we do and  everywhere we go. It has manipulated us to view the world differently. Especially the younger generations, they are more exposed to the technology such as smartphones and computer not knowing or realizing the effect social media has brought into their lives. Young teenagers tend to feed their brain with unnecessary information from the media and that information forces to reduce their cognitive ability. This is why today’s social media is harmful to mental health. This map from the app called “snapchat” shows that individual can track where there friends are.  

 

Although social media is a platform where individuals get to share their talents and express their feelings by connecting to the world, social media has also brought hate, jealousy and loneliness in young teenagers’ lives. This has led teens to suffer from higher rates of depression and anxiety, and has increased the suicidle rate. Therefore, this issue indicates that we must find a way to reduce the usage of social media in order to have a positive mental health and positive lifestyle. Don’t get me wrong! Social media has shaped our lives in so many ways. First of all it has given us an opportunity to connect to the world by allowing us to share our thoughts, ideas and to tell our story. Secondly, social media has made it easier for everyone to interact and build networks.  For instance; online businesses such as makeup lines, clothing lines, makeup artists and instagram models who are the ambassador of each company were able to get that platform today because of social media. None of these jobs will be available if there was no social media. Moreover, with the help of social media, a lot of  people were able to find what they are really passionate about and what type of career they want to choose in the future. https://www.instagram.com/thebeautykorner/?hl=en.

 

Above image is one of the examples of online beauty line from instagram. This online business is runs by a young 23 year old Binu Lama. While she majoring in nursing, she found her true passion through instagram. She says “Instagram have introduced me to what I am passionate about.” (Lama) She is implying that she were able to figures what she enjoy doing and what makes her happy. We can see that with the support of social media we can find our passion and purposes like she did. . Social media has opened a huge door to many young artists. Some have become dancers while some are great rappers. Some enjoy sharing their poems while others enjoy reading. If you use social media in a positive way, It brings more happiness then sadness.  

 

However, in contrast to how Social media is beneficial, it has negative effects one young teens. So many teens lives are destroyed due to over use of media. Despite this, social media has a positive side where it gives us a huge platform to connect to the world but it made teenage feel hatred, jealousy and low self esteem of oneself. According to the article “When social media is really problematic for adolescents” by Perri Klass mentions that “The technology isn’t the problem, we are the problem.” (Klass) This tells us that Perri is suggesting that perhaps technology doesn’t have anything to do with how we feel but how we choose to feel is the problem. This means using too much of social media doesn’t have an affect on individual but how and what information we choose to take from social media affects our thinking. Therefore, it is important to know how to differentiate what kind of information we should perceive and feed to our brain because those information controls our thoughts and our thoughts causes action. Eventually, the false ideas and information from the media are the reason why today so many young teens and young adults feel depressed and took an action of suicide. The graph shows the an increase in the number of counselors and social workers in the high school of New York in coming years due to the insufficient  supporters towards mental health issues.

Over usage of social media causes teens to suffer from depression and that lead to an increase in the sucidle rate.  The article “Does social media cause depression” by Caroline Miller believes that depression comes from consuming too much time on social media. Caroline says… “One of the biggest differences in the lives of today’s teenagers and young adults, compared to earlier generations, is that they spend much less time connecting with their peers in person and more time connecting electronically, principally through social media.” (Miller) She is implying that comparing young to the old generation teenage, young teens spent more time using their social media such as facebook, instagram and twitter etc. rather than having social interact with others. This is the reason why we feel depressed because we are left alone to interact with artificial intelligence when we should be having one on one communication.  Therefore, too much use of social media is causing these teens not to be socially active and feel depressed. This will bring down to the low self esteem. 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXdVPLj_pIk&t=330s

It is important that we find a way to reduce the usage of social media, especially the western part of the world because the teens are easily influenced by the media. One way to solve the depression is by using less of electronic devices and bringing more rules to the media usage. Also more of interacting socially with one another will help teenage develop their confidence and communication skills. This way one’s self esteem won’t easily distracted by what they see in the media. Social media  issue indicates that in order to have a positive mental health and positive lifestyle we need to have a very strong mind power as well as knowing how to use social media.  

 

Miller, Caroline, and Child Mind Institute. “Does Social Media Cause Depression?” Child Mind Institute, https://childmind.org/article/is-social-media-use-causing-depression/.

Klass, Perri. “When Social Media Is Really Problematic for Adolescents.” The New York Times, 3 June 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/03/well/family/teenagers-social-media.html.

Lama, Been. “The Beauty Korner (@Thebeautykorner) • See Instagram Photos and Videos.” Instagram, Been , https://www.instagram.com/thebeautykorner/?hl=en.

Dignity in Schools Campaign. “40 New York City Social Justice Organizations Oppose over $100 Million City Budget Increase to the NYPD School Safety Division and School Construction Authority.” Dignity in Schools, https://dignityinschools.org/nyc-budget-statement.

“A Social Life | Award Winning Short Film | Social Media …” A Social Life, Kerith Lemon, 12 Apr. 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GXdVPLj_pIk.

Final Blog Post

Online shopping vs. Local Store Shopping

This research paper will be based on online shopping. Trendy right it’s what most people do nowadays to buy their clothes and even get their groceries any type of goods that you can think of can be found online but it has become an issue to local independent stores. Who cares? right if you put thought into it there are many citizens who no longer have the ability to online shop either it’s because they don’t have a debit or credit card or because they no longer have the knowledge to online shop so they depend on local stores around them which is why it is important to do face to face shopping in local interdependent stores so they don’t run out of business. Although online shopping is a threat to local independent stores, access to services like delivery for those who don’t have easy access to local store is provided which indicates that more local stores should invest on an entry to online services.

Online shopping can be a threat in many ways but most importantly it is a threat on local stores. After reading and article title “How Is Online Shopping Affecting Retail Employment?” by Jason Bram and Nicole Gorton it argues“ It’s been said that if you want to know how the economy is doing, look at how many people are carrying shopping bags. That adage may not hold so well today. The rise of the internet and e-commerce over the past two decades has chipped away at the market share of “brick and mortar” retailers. But it’s only been in the past few years that this shift in market share has had a noteworthy effect on retail employment(Bram, Gorton)”and reasons to stores are running out of business because people are actively shopping online for sales and better prices which local stores are not offering . Another reason why local stores are losing business is because as the text argues You can search for the desired item in seconds and once it’s been located, it’s a simple matter to see whether it’s in stock and what the delivery time is going to be this is proving that whenever someone is looking for items they can search for it and find what store is in stock and fits to a delivery date that satisfies them because you can’t trust that a local store has it because it might say they do on the website but once you get their they will tell you that their out of stock which is what triggers people into ordering their things online because it is more convenient and prevents them from going out for no reason because they are being guaranteed that it is there and they are also receiving a delivery date without having to go through many stores hoping to find what you are looking for. Liberty Street Economics

 

Online shopping:

 

In this image we see an elder shopping online looking at several items which is why some stores have gone out of business because some people tend to find better prices online and they are able to compare them to prices from different websites which is hard to do when your already purchasing an item face to face and you really don’t have much options.

Access to services like online shopping for those who don’t have easy access to local stores are very beneficial. Delivery is very convenient for customers because it makes it easier for you for the following reasons it is delivered to your foot step, no crowd, no sales pressure and it gives you the chance to order thing you might not be willing to buy in a local store because it might be private it is always easier to compare prices too. After reading this small article about the pros of online shopping titled “The pros and cons of online shopping” by Donna L. Montaldo where she expresses “Point-of-sale advantages include stores offering no shipping charges and free ship-to-store options. A lot of online stores do not pass on sales tax (unless required by the state) to customers, which can add up to substantial savings for those shoppers who buy primarily online. (Montaldo)” this part of the article interest me because I didn’t even realize that we do really save money when we online shop because in every store tax is charged sometimes even with items that are food which makes no sense. Another reason to why people find online shopping an advantage is because as the article says “The stores are almost never closed (Montaldo)” which is a reasonable reason to why more people would order online if they need something and the local store is closed we have sources like Amazon that allow us to have amazon prime that delivers to us within one or two days for sure and anything you are looking for you can find it there.

Delivery to your doorstep:

This is an image of someone signing for their delivery items at their door steps. This method satisfies so many customers because of the fact that they don’t have to come out of their house and they can prevent so much chaos.

Local stores should provide online access to their stores. Don’t you wonder why most local stores don’t well it might be more work for them and they will need a person to receive the deliveries by phone and by another person that gathers the items and deliver it. In this article “9 Groceries that will deliver to your doorstep” by Natalie Schulte I discovered that there are some local stores that deliver to you Rome the same day they are most food companies but it does save you a trip. “Costco is now providing delivery on-demand through Instacart, and the best part is, you don’t even have to have a Costco membership to use this service. Get all the bulk food you want with this new feature. Did I mention that your food will arrive within an hour? Yeah (Schulte)” this is a very common store that many families go to and they food shop for big quantity of thing and it is a good privilege that they are providing this opportunity because there are many people that might not be able to get their because they don’t have a source of transportation and it does also help you save time or gives you time to deal with any other errand to you have to run while your food is being gathered and delivered.

In conclusion online shopping isn’t that great for the most part a lot of things can go wrong and sometimes there are cases in which you can’t do anything about them. For instance what if the website you are shopping from is fraud for people to steal your card information and if they go through with methods like this you can lose a lot of money which is why you always have to be alert if you are shopping online making sure if the websites are official. In this article “The pros and cons of online shopping” by Donna L. Montaldo is shows us how online shopping is a disadvantage by saying “Sometimes a deal that looks great falls short of what has been advertised. Communicating dissatisfaction can be difficult online and often takes enormous patience and tenacity to achieve satisfaction. Problem-solving face-to-face with local store employees is often faster and more satisfying. Contacting the next level of management is much easier at local stores than online.(Montaldo)” meaning that sometimes online website do fake advertisement to make the product look better than it might be to trick you into buying it and that if there’s any type of issue that you need assistance with you’ll be attended better at the store because you can ask to speak to a manager face to face and most likely your issue will be solved unlike online customer service that sometimes websites don’t even have phone numbers to call and you have to email then the issue and just wing till is it revised and they reply back with further steps on what to do with your situation which is just way more work that talking to a supervisor face to face. To further explain how I will be making my map for this research paper I will be plotting strips of local stores in Washington heights and I will also be plotting area in which don’t have local stores. After writing this research paper I have realized how my own life experiences will change further on I am use to online shopping for clothes and face to face shopping for food but there has been a couple of bad experiences that I Have been threw with online shopping one was not getting my birthday dress on time and another was never receiving a bathing suit I ordered over the summer and the website had no customer service number and they never answered my emails so with that being said I have learned my lesson that it is not always safe to do online shopping for thing I can go to the store and get to come to a conclusion beware on what websites you shop from and it it’s possible to get it at a local store do so.

 

 

 

 

Rats and the City: The Battle That Never Ends.

 

 

“Pizza Rat”, “Rat vs Pigeon”, “Escalator Rat”; to the untrained ear these might not ring a bell, but to a true New Yorker these heroes of modern social media are the new denominators in a stronger than ever exposure of the co existence with our little sewer friends, or in other words what’s turned into the new normal in New York City nowadays. But even to the outsider, the unsuspecting tourist who has not been familiarized to such extent, all three titles have an obvious connection, as rats are the main characters of these viral videos visited by millions. People tend to close their eyes if the ongoing problem isn’t directly relatable, and if so, you might be one of the lucky ones, living in an area that for one reason or another hasn’t experienced an uprise in rat populations. Or, you can be one of the affected parties that at this point has become desensitized by the daily rat exposure to such extent that you no longer see the vermin infestation taking over our habitats and therefor simply choose not to acknowledge it. But either way, one should know, based on common knowledge and historical facts of rats and megalopolises, that nothing good has ever followed after soaring rates in rat populations, and we can no longer sit and wait to see what the endgame holds for us. Although the city has been fighting the war on rats for centuries, rat populations have been rising drastically. That can be explained to some extent by research findings that show rats are extremely intelligent creatures, able to adapt to urban environments and flourish while doing so. Public health and safety must remain a priority of New York City’s institutions, and new methods and approaches ought to be tested and implemented so we the residents can be protected from this vermin outbreak before the next epidemic explodes and people’s lives are at stake.

“New York has attempted to eradicate its teeming rat population for 355 years and counting” (Freytas-Tamura). These words happen to be a true summary of the never ending battle that has been taking place in the city that never sleeps. In her article posted in the New York Times this year (2019),  Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura pins our attention with the years that went by in the war on rats in the city of New York. She then shocks the public by pointing out all major means taken to win the fight and declare victory, that unfortunately have proven inefficient through time, “Traps. Poison. Birth control. Dry ice.”  By simply conducting a Google search with  the words “rats” and “New York” one pulls up numerous articles by media moguls such as The New York Times and Forbes with recent takes on the problems the city has faced in its effort to minimize the rat invasion. By shedding light on the never ending war on rats and presenting us with some disturbing statistics and trends, one won’t be wondering why mayor Bill De Blasio launched a 32 million dollar war on the fluffy rodents. Adam Andrzejewski, a reporter for Forbes, teaches us a simple lesson with his extensive numeric data sum up of the current rat population trends around the city and that is – rats do not discriminate. They don’t choose their living quarters depending on racial biases or financial capabilities and even the rich neighborhoods fall under enemy fire: “The rats are running wild in this fancy area on the Upper West side of Manhattan. With the Hudson River and Central Park as borders, the area is home to the fraternities at Columbia University and many millionaires. In fact, the median home value is $934,000.”  Winnie Hu, a reporter for The New York Times digs deeper beyond the empirical presentation of the issue and presents us with more insights on why things appear as they do: “A major contributing factor is how the city collects trash: bags are left outside on the curb for hours before pick up the next morning. It’s just an all-night buffet for the rats.”  Of course trash can’t be the only culprit and as it does feed the issue, it can’t explain the reason why rats have become so outgoing and are so much more visible nowadays. She finds answers by looking into the work of a researcher from Columbia University where Simon H. Williams links overdevelopment and compares it to “stepping on an ants’ nest,” meaning that by bulldozing the city’s scarce landscape, we are literally forcing the rats out on the surface.

But maybe there is a reason the extermination techniques weren’t as efficient as expected. Maybe there is a missing link in the broad picture of rat eradication. The so called villain of this story is not just a rat. He is smart and he possesses true intelligence according to a study interview published in the Harvard Business Review. The article from 2015 written by Alison Beard grabs one’s attention via its bold statement leaving almost no room for plausible debate with the words: “Rats can be smarter than people.” By the title we already know who did better in the learning tasks tested in the aforementioned study and what the findings concluded. What’s surprising here is that these results were not expected, and the study’s initial participants were not of human kind but rats exclusively: “However, when we saw that the pattern of results did not match those found in similar human studies, we decided to add people to our study and create as direct a comparison as possible. We were really surprised by the results” (Beard). Without going into huge detail of the experimental process, the author shares how the work undertaken changed course, shifting the study on both rats and humans and their cognitive abilities as “the subjects were trained to distinguish between “good” and “bad” patterns and then tested on their ability to apply that know-how to new types of patterns.” In their website PETA points out more interesting findings about rodents in general and rats. As most humans genuinely experience feelings of dislike and even disgust towards these creatures, the organization fighting for animal rights gives us a few brief but educational bullets on what rats are capable of and what we might not be aware of. One of these mini shockers tries to, in a way, clear their names of the filth we associate rats with by shining light on their grooming habits and states that these fur balls are actually “fastidiously clean animals” and  that “if not forced to live in a dirty cage, a rat’s skin has a very pleasant perfume-like scent.” Other mesmerizing aspects unknown to the masses are the ability to demonstrate empathy, and also that rats posses complex communicational skills and are highly social animals, being compared to man’s best friend – the canine. 

Nevertheless rats are a known health hazard and need to be dealt with. By looking back at the article we have started this journey with, we can find hope that there is still some light at the end of the tunnel as the city is not just giving up, instead it is actively deploying new ways of combating the vermin apocalypse. A new strategy is being developed as we speak, and the city is preparing for live tests of the so called “mystery bucket”: “in effect, a bucket that would lure the rodents and send them plunging to their deaths in a mysterious vinegary concoction. The toxic potion, according to its maker, Rat Trap Inc., prevents them from rotting too quickly and emitting a stink” (Freytas-Tamura). And the reasons we must keep on fighting this never ending battle can be found on CDC’s (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) website. It has a dedicated page on not only direct but also indirect ways of contracting serious diseases from rats and on numerous protocols for exposure prevention and clean up measures. The list is staggering and might even seem fear mongering, but it sure is no joke. Here are some of these exotic sounding diseases that can ruin one’s life: “Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome; Lassa Fever; Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis; Plague.” These are only a few of the direct illnesses that a rat can “gift” a person; but let’s not stop here and continue the scare with the indirect ones transmitted by our undesired neighbors: “Colorado Tick Fever; La Crosse Encephalitis; Lyme Disease; Murine Typhus; Rickettsial pox; West Nile Virus.” All of these are, if not lethal, extremely life impairing conditions, and if that doesn’t motivate one to diminish the population of rats in this city, nothing else will.

But wait a sec, didn’t we just emphasize how intelligent and empathic rats are? Can’t we find another solution? The issue is, although these statements are correct in their core, we can not just simply stop the efforts in limiting or trying to eradicate a sort of epidemic that has been escalating over and over through the years. There is a reason behind this desire for rat extermination and that is public safety. All these diseases are not just hypothetical, they are real and they are just one rat bite away, one contact with vermin feces or urine away, and the more their population rises the higher the chances of an actual epidemic outbreak there are. Living in a megapolis sounds like a fairytale to many, yet it comes at a price that most don’t include in their math equation – sharing your living space with rats on a daily basis. It doesn’t matter if you are rich or poor, or if you live in a high-rise or a rent stabilized dwelling, you see them in your alley, running back and forth, engorging on the trash bags full of treats piled up on the sidewalk as if it’s a five course chef-inspired menu tasting, awaiting the garbage truck to whisk them away as if being picked up in their personal Uber car.  You encounter them in the subway as you wait for your train, as they are frivolously playing on the tracks, as if having their own underground playground. They are everywhere you turn your head. They aren’t hiding any longer, they are out and they are proud, as they are the rats of New York. Remember to stay vigilant, and by all means stay safe and avoid contact at all cost.

 

Works Cited 

 

 

Final Research Blog Post

East or West Going Green is The Best: Green Spaces in New York City.

A reference map normally shows natural and human-made objects from the geographical environment with an emphasis on location. The map that I’m presenting is a reference map. Specifically, it covers the five boroughs of New York City and where the largest green areas are located. The color I’m using to represent these zones is green. Also, it is drawn by hand so I hope people can appreciate it. The map represents an important way of looking at the city because it specifies where are these important zones and also serves as a guide to see which areas are nearby hence people can visit it. Although there are few green zones in New York City, the benefits that they provide are really significant, showing us that there should be more green zones in the city.

Green belts facilitate physical activity and relaxation and form a refuge from noise. This video shows people talking about the importance of Central Park in NYC. People describe the park as a peaceful and relaxing place. Also, the views and connections through places are good qualities of the park. Moreover, a person is describing the park as the most amazing park to walk around to get away from the rush of the city.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiIIst2nSHI.

The economic and ecological benefits of green spaces are undeniable. This picture shows ten economic benefits of green spaces (yellow stone image). My goal with this picture is to demonstrate that green spaces are beneficial not only for health but for the economy too.

 

Green spaces such as parks and natural meadows, wetlands or other ecosystems, represent a fundamental component of any urban ecosystem. Blasco Jose in “Green New York” describes with geographic and historical information “the biggest ten green spaces in New York city called JIAs (joint of interest areas)” (Blasco 3). Central Park occupies 3.4km2 in Manhattan and Prospect Park with 2.4km2 in Brooklyn. Both parks have many things in common, they are the oldest urban parks (Central Park, 1858 and Prospect Park, 1867), and were born as an act of citizen will that claimed the creation of green spaces in the city. In the Bronx, Van Cortland park with 4.6km2 in the northeast, created in 1888. Bronx Park with 2.9km2 hosts two of the main New York equipment, The Botanical Garden and the Bronx Zoo and Pelham Bay Park is the biggest green space in the city with 11.2km2. In Queens, Corona Park was a landfill until Robert Moses proposed its generation as a park and Forest Park with 2.2km2 has a mission to preserve the wooded areas. Finally, The Gateway National Recreation Area is a special case, since under that denomination there are spaces of three New York boroughs, Jamaica Bay Unit covers Long Island, Brooklyn, and Queens. Staten Island Unit and Sandy Hook Unit in New Jersey.

Green areas provide vital health services as well as environmental services. In the article “Seeing green is Keen”, Wallis Laura provides significant information about the benefits of green spaces in people’s health. specifically, Wallis argues that “verdant spaces can lower rates of anxiety, depression, and other illness” (Wallis 2). Although the leafy spaces are few in New York City Wallis insists that there should be appreciated and preserved as they serve as therapy for people facing respiratory illnesses. In short, green spaces encourage exercise, provide spaces for socializing, decrease noise and air pollution, and improve immune function by providing exposure to beneficial microbiota. It also can help with psychological restoration meaning that green spaces provide a respite for over-stimulated minds.

However, does the evidence I’ve cited prove conclusively that green zones are really important for people’s well-being and economy? As a New Yorker, my greatest wish is that the city looks greener and my future children grow up in an environment surrounded by trees and places that reflect nature. Even though, the reality is that in New York there are very few green spaces compared to the size of the city. Let’s see the map to be aware of what is happening to our city and fight for the few remaining areas to be conserved since in the future these areas can be used for other purposes due to the increase of people in the city.

References

Blasco, Jose, “Green New York”, Urban Networks, Oct.2011

 

Cover image. Yellow stone landscape. 5 July. 2005.

Wallis, Laura, “Seeing Green Is Keen: AJN The American Journal of Nursing.” LWW, Feb. 2016.

 

YouTube, YouTube, 5 Dec. 2005, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiIIst2nSHI.