Public Transportation Affairs: Why should Public Transportation be Free for Low-Income NewYorkers?

 

In a metropolitan or urban city, we have to get around. Specifically, here in New York City where the majority of people use public transportation to get from point A to point B. The convenience of public transportation is great, but not everyone can afford it. Particularly, those New York City residents who are low-income. For them, the fare should be free or at least reduce being that they have other expenses to pay for such as; food, shelter, utilities, electricity, gas, etc. Although the cost of a bus/train ride is 2.75, it adds up and that cost can exceed $100 a month, which puts low-income people into further economic strawn. Public Transportation is a system of transport by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and charge a posted fee for each trip. This essay discusses research regarding the campaign and reasons why fares should be free or at least reduced for low-income New York City residents.

For some New Yorkers, 2.75 is a fair fare. Emma Fitzsimmons talks about the importance of increasing the fare every two years to use this money to solve the MTA crisis. According to Fitzsimmons, “transit leaders say they need billions of dollars to tackle huge budget ticket deficits and pay for critical repairs” (Fitzsimmons). In other words, it is said that the money collected from the fare is used for the own transportation benefits; subway repairs taking into account all the people who mostly use the train as transport, although the cost may increase in order to approve new revenue streams for the system. But we cannot dismiss the fact that transportation fares can have its advantages. As a benefit, “the bonus for pay-per-ride MetroCards will rise to 11 percent, from 5 percent, from anyone who puts at least 5.50 on a card…transportation advocates had argued that the bonus served an important function as a discount for low-income rides” (Fitzsimmons). This 11 percent may not seem like a lot but it could make a bit of a difference for low-income residents. Yet the bonus for the pay-per-ride MetroCards did not rise, however as a result of the Board to keep the 2.75 fares the 5 percent bonus was eliminated. And it is not to mention that there are reduced MetroCards for elders, in that case, the fare will only be $1.35. The 2.75 fares can be affordable for middle incomes and may be manageable for low-incomes who make an appropriate amount of money to hold their houses.

Now, considering someone who uses bus/train as a method of transportation to get to work, this person spend up to $100 monthly, this of course if this someone does not use both bus and train to get to their destination, in that case, it will be approximately $200 with the closest average of people that uses public transportation every day. Sterling Price, shows the average of money a household spends annually. It states that “20% of households regularly pay for some form of public transportation, about $225 per month” (Price). This is just the amount of money used for public transportation, money that can be used for some other expenditures. Being aware that for most low-income New Yorkers having 225 dollars monthly can be of good subsistence at the time to buy either food or pay bills. The Incorporation also claims that “for the average household, transportation costs are almost as much as what’s spent on rent or the direct costs of homeownership: an average of $2,000 annually” (Price). If we take into account, a low-income earn a minimum of $15,000 a year when there is just one household and a maximum of $39,500 if there is more than one, those $2,000 could be utilized for other needs. What I am trying to state is, while low-incomes spend around $4,000 on food, $2,100 on utilities, add $150 – $200 monthly= up to $2,000 annually for electricity and if you want plus $60 – $150= up to $1,200 on internet/cable or electronics (cellphones), with the $2,000 in transportation is already $11,300, almost what one household low-income makes a year. Even when it may be seen that it’s required to pay for the fare when it adds up it can become a reasonable amount for some residents who have other needs to address, but hey watch out because the ticket for not paying the fare is more expensive.

Talking about the benefits of fair-fare or free fare, low-incomes have to take care of different needs in order to survive, having to pay the fare can put their economic stability in constant change whether they have to take bus/train to work. According to Evelly Jeanmarie a reporter of City Limits Youth Program, the number one problem of public transportation is fare evasion; people who skip the fare. She argues that in order to combat fare evasion the MTA should address the ride affordability: lowing fares for low-income rides or the use of half-priced MetroCards.

Residents in NYC have different reasons to beat the system either because they want to skip the fare or because they cannot afford it, making this a debate on whether the fare is reduced the fare evasion does not decrease. She also claims that there should be policies to allow free fares for poor people, and fair fares program could help achieve a free-fare system in NY. The campaign advocates that “many advocates have long held that the most effective way to combat fare evasion is to address its affordability: lowering fares for low-income riders who otherwise might be forced to jump the turnstile because they can’t afford to pay” (Jeanmarie). I agree that one of the reasons to not go Free-fare is because of fare evasion, yet as Jeanmarie says some of them can’t afford to pay it, people don’t always go around with change in their pockets and we never know if an emergency comes up and we got to run. A man’s word to develop the argument “When buses don’t really go faster than walking, at least a lot of the time, and when trains are just chronically delayed with little or no warning, it’s not surprising that people will take the opportunity if they see it to ride without paying” Kheel-Komanoff admits. What I am implying is whether people pay the fare or not as long as we are residents or low-incomes the fare should be free because nobody knows how your economic status is at the moment that even those $2.75 can be used to have breakfast, meal or dinner. Applebaum Stuart’s newspaper article emphasizes the idea of half-fare MetroCards for poor residents, the increase of transit fare is another challenge for working people of low income who have enough things to afford and transit expenses eats up 10 percent of poor families’ budgets. “Some made a proposal to the Community Service Society and the Riders Alliance for half-fare MetroCards for poor people” (Stuart #10). He argues that the eligible people for this half-fare plan will save up to $700 a year, a considerably large amount for low-income residents. This proposal has gained popular support in the US mostly in New York City, it has also gained support form News organizations including the New York Times and Daily News. This plan could help working-poor New Yorkers to move from low to the middle class if implemented.

Some people may say that $2.75 is a low price to pay for a ride that will take you from one city to another, yet the fact that there are people who do not make the same amount of money as other makes this topic controversial, is true that the average of people in NYC who evade the fare is about 16%, but like 5 percent of this people can not afford it. The amount of people who take public transportation in NY cities is bigger than the number of people who prefer to use their own cars, can’t forget that some people use public transportation even when they own a car because of the transit delays, and also some of the people are even unemployed; does not think about paying the fare when they don’t even have money for themself. It was not that long ago I was in the train and the seat next to me was empty because someone defecated in it, then this nice guy with the help of the other riders cleaned the sit, but the odor was still there, so with a pencil, a woman wrote on a paper “don’t sit someone du-du in here” funny right? then somebody else gave the guy tape so he could paste the note above, and I remember the guy after pasting the paper saying, “this is what New Yorkers have to deal with, but they don’t care about this when we have to pay the fare, transportation should be free for all residents man! we already have enough things to pay for” and I laughed because I thought “can you believe I am doing a research essay exactly about that? yeah… that is how the world works. As long as we are residents public transportation should be free for all of us.

Works Cited

Applebaum, Stuart. “Reduced Transit Fare Would Help Get Low-Wage Workers Moving.” New York, Amsterdam News, 2016, p. 10.
Evelly, Jeanmarie. “The Long-Shot Case for Making NYC Public Transit Free.” City Limits, 1 Feb. 2019, https://citylimits.org/2019/01/30/the-long-shot-case-for-making-nyc-public-transit-free/.
Fitzsimmons, Emma. “Subway Fares Are Rising Again. But That Won’t Solve the M.T.A.’s Crisis.’’ New York Times, 27 Feb 2019.
Fitzsimmons, Emma “M.T.A. Is Raising Fares and Tolls; One Subway or Bus Ride Will Cost $2.75” New York Times, 22 Jan 2105.
Price, Sterling. “Average Household Budget.” ValuePenguin, ValuePenguin, 12 Nov. 2019, https://www.valuepenguin.com/average-household-budget.
YouTube, YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ua3NTWlXOoQ.

Middle/lower income residents: Housing crisis in New York

Ousmane Diallo

ENG 110-315D

 

 

New York City is facing an affordable housing crisis. Affordable housing is defined as housing that costs no more than 30 percent of your family income. Research shows that more than 11 million Americans spend more than half of their paycheck on rent. The middle and lower classes are having a problem with one of the indispensable things in people’s lives because a place to live is a necessity in human life. There are plans to build affordable housing for New Yorkers; however, those plans are not helping to decrease the homelessness or the struggle the middle and lower income family are facing. so I will be mapping the construction of new buildings in New York City, which can not be described as affordable for middle and lower income family. The impact of  the housing crisis depends on income. On one hand, the upper class does not seem to be affected. on the other hand, the middle and lower classes are struggling due to the impact and crisis of affordable housing in New York. It’s evident that  lower and middle are more concerned about the housing crisis because  they are living the reality of the problem . Although, there is lots of new construction of housing in New York City, the middle and lower classes are struggling with the housing crisis. So affordable housing need to be created more in order to accommodate middle and lower class residents.

New residents buildings construction is in process in New York City; however, many of them are not affordable  for middle and lower family income. In the government websites page Housing New York: A Five-Borough, Ten Year Plan by alicia Glen, Deputy Mayor for housing, the City of New York Mayor Bill de Blasio claim “we are laying out a comprehensive plan to build and preserve 200,000 affordable units over the coming decade to support New Yorkers  with a range of incomes, from the very lowest to those in the middle class” (page 3). In other words, there are plans for affordable housing in New York City for middle and lower family income. Yet these plan have been in New York and housing crisis did not recently. It’s been years since Mayor Bill de Blasio put forth his housing New York (HNY) plan with the goal of creating affordable housing but the reality proves the city continues to face record high levels of homelessness and an affordability crisis. After all those constructions, still middle and lower classes residents are struggling for housing. The plan exist but seem just not being working.

The struggle of the  affordable housing crisis impact the middle and lower classes in New York. In the website curbed.com, the affordable housing crisis explained by Patrick Sisson on May 15,2019 “Nearly two-thirds of renters Nationwide say they can not afford to buy a home, and saving for that down payment is not going to be easier anytime soon because home prices are rising  at twice the rate of wage growth”. In other words, the middle and lower classes can not buy a home for themselves and if all they are making are resumed to monthly bill how will they save enough to buy one? Therefore, the struggling will continue in the coming years. Evidence shows that the middle and lower family income spend more then half  of their monthly payment on rent. Consequently, high housing costs leave low in come family with little left over for other important expenses. like food, children’s education , health, transportation, closings beside housing these are list of things that may indispensable this situation seems to increase on every aspect because the population is growing and rent are getting higher. Here you will information about housing crisis struggle in New York. https://www.curbed.com/2019/5/15/18617763/affordable-housing-policy-rent-real-estate-apartment

Finding solution for housing crisis in New York City should be priorities because the homelessness, the number of people in municipal shelters each night, affordable housing crisis are increasing. the ignorance for reality of the city’s housing problem leaves a lot of poorest New Yorkers to go whether in shelters or the streets. In addition, the middle and lower income struggle for affordable  housing. in the website coalitionforthehomeless.org an article by Gisell Routhies says “Instead of using his housing New York 2.0 plan to build homes for homeless family and individual, he has chosen to squander valuable city resources on the kind high rent apartments that the city is already awes in”. In other word, New York 2.0 plan are building as promised but those building are not at reach of lower and middle classes. the plan could work if they build new limited equity co-op housing , where low or middle income can afford the rent or even buy house. Every New Yorkers deserves a safe and affordable place to live. The market alone is not always able to meet that need, so the government at all levels must work together to help.

Although, many would question whether the affordable housing crisis will impact the whole society of New York or only the family that are concerned. In ” The Next Environmental Revolution by Sarah Williams Goldhogen, she argue that the place we spend 90 percent of our time. like our houses, work places, schools  have a big influence or impact in our socio-life, feeling, emotion, even our health. so no wonder why 85% of homeless people have mental health problem. the struggle for affordable housing  crisis can lead to depression because you have no ideal when you are going to be homeless. The population are growing imagine the crisis in the coming years.

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twwZDc2vGmY

Works cited

Glen, Alicia. A Five-Borough, Ten-years plan housing in New York. www.nyc.com http://www1.nyc.gov/assets/housing/downloads/pdf/housing_plan.pdf

Sisson, Patrick. Affordable housing crisis explained.https://www.curbed.com/2019/5/15/18617763/affordable-housing-policy-rent-real-estate-apartment

Housing New York: A Five-Borough, Ten-Year Plan

 Abortions

Abortion means women’s right: Their body, their decision

map

Have you ever wondered about many women wether they are teens or adults that have died or ended up with some medical problem because of abortion?  there are many cases of it which is due to the fact that in some states abortions are not legal or the thought of having one is what hunts them since you will be judged by others if you have one. This led many women into having abortions but not exactly how it is supposed to. Pro-choice ? or Pro-life? pro-choice is when you believe it’s okay for them to have the ability to choose abortion as an option for an unplanned pregnancy even if you wouldn’t choose abortion for yourself.  People who oppose abortion are known as pro-life since they believe that everyone should have the right to live. Many people will ask what is abortion? Abortion is a medical process done to end a pregnancy, it is also called termination of pregnancy. Why do women decide to have abortions? Either the pregnancy is unplanned or when there is a greater threat to the mother’s life, due to the misuse of birth control, inability to support of care for the child, to prevent a birth of a child with birth defects, pregnancy resulting from a rape or incest. What are the procedures of abortions? There are two ways of determining the pregnancy which is the surgical abortion where they will remove the pregnancy tissue of the woman and the medical abortion which is a procedure where woman take medication pills to kill the fetus. How does abortion affect society? It affects our society by watering down the value of life. Many people will discuss that If we find one way of justifying murder, we can clearly find another. Society will look down on women that have abortions because they are going against God’s creation. The protest of abortions are all over the world wether is it legal or illegal people do it. I will be focusing on New York, Manhattan since it is a city that everybody knows and is talked about the most by the residents or people from different states or around the world. Abortions should be a women’s right/decision.

Abortions should be legal because many people do not want to bring babies into the world knowing that they can’t take care of them economically or they were raped and do not want any connection with the raper, also it could be an unplanned pregnancy. Although abortions means preventing a life to live and everyone should have the right to live not be killed when you cannot even defend yourself. Abortions has to be done as early as possible if that’s what the woman really want to prevent any risk towards the woman. In New York, it is legal to have abortions so many women have traveled to New York to get a legal abortion  since they couldn’t do it in their state.

 In this website you can see some facts about abortions that were done to many people. “State Facts About Abortion: New York.” Guttmacher Institute, 18 Sept. 2019, https://www.guttmacher.org/fact-sheet/state-facts-about-abortion-new-york.  “In 2017, 105,380 abortions were provided in New York though not all abortions that occurred in New York were provided to state residents…..Abortions in New York represent 12.2% of all abortions in the United States.” This evidence tells us that many people decide to come to New York to get abortions done because in this state it is legal and we can tell that out of 50 states, New York occupies 12.2% of abortions that were done. At the same time some women were declined to get an abortion due to reproductive age. This can be connected to my map New York, Manhattan because in that city is where most of the clinics and hospitals for abortions are located and could be trusted since it’s a city that is well known by many tourist and residents.

This is another website supporting my research about abortions done in New York. FactCheck.org. “Addressing New York’s New Abortion Law.” FactCheck.org, 23 May 2019, https://www.factcheck.org/2019/02/addressing-new-yorks-new-abortion-law/. “The new law that was passed is known as RHA which permits abortions after 24 weeks if a health care professional determines the health or life of the mother is at risk, or the fetus is not viable”. This is important because it is giving them a chance to get the abortion done  “The old law from New York criminalized abortion unless it was a “justifiable abortion act”  which means that women who wanted to do abortions could not be over 24 weeks pregnant or necessary to “preserve” the mother’s life.” Which this means that you will need to qualify certain requirements before getting an abortion done which the important one is not to be over 24 weeks pregNant. Also the new law RHA wants people to stop seeing abortions as homicides but to be treated as a health care matter because we do not know the reason why they are having an abortion but instead of judging them, we have to support their decision. In the same way people have the right to decide what to do with their bodies and anything, similarly most of the people decide to go to a safe, well known clinics to get any treatment done

 Wilson, Lena. “Planned Parenthood Launches Online Tool as Restrictions Come ‘Fast and Furious’.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 12 Nov. 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/12/us/planned-parenthood-abortion-app.html.

clinic

This is a picture of a clinic that is known as helping any women with anything they need and providing any type of support. In fact whoever wanted to have an abortion have gone to the website and looked for “abortion near me” and this clinic would show up as a recommendation. This clinic provides any type of services and financial assistance and they will let their patients know if there are any changes due to the laws are passed or will pass later on in the future. Besides this clinic, there are many other clinics located in manhattan than in other boroughs that provide women the option of having an abortion if they want to.  O’Kane, Caitlin. “New York Passes Law Allowing Abortions at Any Time If Mother’s Health Is at Risk.” CBS News, CBS Interactive, 24 May 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/new-york-passes-abortion-bill-late-term-if-mothers-health-is-at-risk-today-2019-01-23/.  

Furthermore, this is a video explaining how New York governor Andrew Cuomo went against the government and passed down the new law to protect women’s rights. This will help me show how New York has been helping women not only from manhattan but all the cities from New York and letting them decide what is best for them without judging them according to their actions and decisions but instead understanding why they are doing that.  

map

This is the map I will be using to show you all about how manhattan has the most clinics and hospitals were people can head to get abortions or any personal matter done wether you pay with money or it is covered by the insurance you have. This is an important city since most of the people know where it is located and also because there are 5 different hospital/ clinics that you can choose and for many people it is the city that represents New Yorkers and outsiders will decide to go there instead of going to other cities that people barely talk about or has bad reviews. An issue can be money for the ones that have low income since it is Manhattan it could be pricey but that does not mean you cannot afford it because if you do any research on those hospitals/clinics, they have many options on how to do any payment, options that you may not have heard of but it’s all about the information you find if you really want to. Women deciding whether they wanted and could get an abortion done or not go through a lot during that time since most of them don’t have enough sources or knowledge or any type of support with the thought of having an abortion or what people will say about them can be stressful and could end up doing something they were not supposed to which is why letting women decide and giving them the right to do anything with their bodies should be legal no matter what, as long as they are well informed with whatever they do. In addition to my personal life, I have had friends who have gone to manhattan clinics instead of going to the other boroughs because of  they way they are known and the reviews each clinic/ hospital have but not only that, the community plays an important role as well and depending on what has happened in the boroughs is the reason why my friends, just like other people have decided and chosen manhattan as their go to with whatever they needed.

Addressing New York’s New Abortion Law

https://www.feministsforlife.org/abortion-womens-rights-and-wrongs/

 

 

 

New York needs Arcades: Lets Get Them From Japan

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1iQMxWO9J5gs9NXgBS1itSk7uMdhULBF0

The amount of people they play games nowadays has risen so much since the beginning of the industry has started more games keep being made to keep gamers satisfied and gamers all over the city are staying in their homes glued to their television screen. The younger audience of video games can not play games all the time because of school and the fury of their parents for staying inside all day, instead of going out and meeting with friends or meeting new people. Although the creation of gaming consoles allow gamers to play games and interact with each other from the comfort from their homes via the internet and headsets, the reliance on this technology limits actual human connection. If there were more Japanese like Arcades in the city it would help this generation of gamers explore the city more to play games with friends, meet new people, play the games they have never played before and introduce new people to the gaming culture.

The gaming industry has gone through many changes in the way people play games, before the use of the internet, most people that play video games use a gaming console that lets people play any game they want in their own house without being able to talk to friends unless they were in the same house. Today people still use gaming consoles to play their games but with the internet, people can now talk to and play games with each other in their homes. This is the way to play games in this day and age but it is also a way that disconnects people from one another. In a New York Times article written by Alex Williams, he celebrates the fact that arcades are still around and that people are still going to them. “Chinatown Fair should have closed years ago, along with all the other arcades in the city, due to rising rent and the shift to online gaming,” said Kurt Vincent, who directed “The Lost Arcade,” a 2016 documentary about the arcade’s enduring legacy in the city. “But it’s still there on Mott Street after all these years because young people need a place to come together.” Basically saying that arcades should not be removed from New York and that gamers are still going to them showing their worth.

Arcades in japan have been thriving in the last couple of decades and that is because the gamers in that country and the people that oversee the gaming companies still see how and lucrative arcade games are. Many of the companies in japan got their start with arcade games and so they continue to make new games for the arcades that are there in japan.  In a consensus by The Financial Times in the 80’s there were 44,000 arcades in the country. Today there are 4,856 registered locations with 9,000 locales with under fifty machines, and as time advances they continue to bring in new innovations of arcade games to entertain the populace. In Brian Ashfield’s article “Why Arcades Haven’t Died In Japan” he writes “The games have changed, too, with developers responding to the trends, decade by decade, whether that’s the shooting game craze, the fighting game craze, or the music game one.” In other words in order to compete with consoles Japanese arcades are constantly filled with new games for people to enjoy being stagnant spells doom for arcades in any setting and Japanese developers know this and are always coming up with new experiences for people to enjoy. An example of innovation of arcade games is the hit arcade game “Super Dragon Ball Heroes” published and developed by Bandai Namco where player use trading cards to interact with the game.

 

Ashcraft, B.

Why Arcades Haven’t Died In Japan

In-text: (Ashcraft, 2017)

Your Bibliography: Ashcraft, B. (2017). Why Arcades Haven’t Died In Japan. [online] kotaku.com. Available at: https://kotaku.com/why-arcades-havent-died-in-japan-1792338461 [Accessed 29 Nov. 2019].

Williams, A.

The Last of Manhattan’s Original Video Arcades

In-text: (Williams, 2019)

Your Bibliography: Williams, A. (2019). The Last of Manhattan’s Original Video Arcades. [online] https://www.nytimes.com/. Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/14/style/old-arcades-new-york-chinatown-fair.html [Accessed 3 Dec. 2019].

 

 

Video Games in NYC

Video games are truly fascinating, with over 2 billion players around the world while being gender diverse as 46% are women and 54% being male, there is a large community overshadowed by the indirect connection of gun violence and overlooks the positives this wide community contains. This gaming community is not violent as advertised to be when it comes to the news or from the president himself. This community is a great community where you can join in and share laughs and interests in similar topics that helps bring people together, and this is what should be recognized. Where you can find this community can be either all around the internet in places like Reddit or Twitter, but there are actual locations, specifically in New York City, where you can meet gamers. Although video games are seen as violent tools, video games are a great hobby people can utilize to unite come together, and has developed an environment for gamers specifically in New York City.

It is believed by the public that video games cause violence in people, even though there is evidence against this from being fact. In 2018, there was an unfortunate school shooting in parkland Florida that claimed 17 lives of people. This tragic event shook up the nation, and our president Donald Trump stated “the level of violence (in) video games is really shaping young people’s thoughts.” (https://youtu.be/3RKZn2Sf7bo, Donald Trump) This statement from the president states video games and the extreme violent exposure to guns and other “violent” things are wiring our brains, teaching us slowly but surely how to aim, shoot and murder other individuals. In another article by Lyndee Fletcher titled “14 Mass Murders Linked to Violent Video Games”, Fletcher states different examples of mass shootings done by people who played video games. In the article it states “To dig further, here is a list of some of the most violent horrible killings in the past few years; all of these killers had an obsession with violent video games.” and the list of names presented are “Adam Lanza, James Holmes, Jared Lee Loughner, Elliot Rodger, Nehemiah Griego, Jacob Tyler, Roberts Anders, Behring Breivik, Michael Carneal, Jose Reyes, Dylann Storm Roof, Jeff Weise, Chris Harper-Mercer, Evan Ramsey.” This long list of individuals who committed atrocities, according to this article, were all addicted to playing violent video games. Fletcher also added in saying “Other killers have been hooked on violent video games too and have a warped sense of what’s real and what’s not, thinking that real life is just like a video game.”(Fletcher, 14 Mass Murders Linked to Violent Video Games). Suggesting that all killers who have been hooked on violent video games has had a sense of distorted view of reality. While it has been proven in studies video games cause aggression, there is no correlation between video games triggering someone to suddenly have the urge to kill someone. There is no scientific evidence a person’s mind is completely taken over by the illusion of combining the virtual world with the real world. While these have been killings that have happened previously, video games are simply not the reason why they have happened. Out of all the countries and nations around the world, America has the most incidents of mass shootings, and if we were to compare video games in america to other nations, Japan is a city that breathes animation and video games as if it’s in their culture now. Even with all the violent video games in Japan, there are very few to no mass shootings occurring annually. Now with the negatives of video games being exposed here, let’s focus on the factual positive effects of video games.

Social media platforms are everywhere, but nothing really makes you feel like you belong somewhere like the video games community. This hobby belongs to the people the public labels as gamers. Stereotyped to be all males, fat, unhealthy, drinking Mountain Dew and eating Doritos all day every day and never go outside, this social group is falsely placed in the eyes of society as a negative source of energy and being the kids who sulk in their hoodies at the back of the classroom corner alone. This could not be further away from the truth. In a study by Gwen Dewar who has a PhD in Authoritative parenting stated in her research saying “Students who said they spent more time playing prosocial games went on to report more acts of prosocial behavior … so it seems that playing prosocial video games predicted an increase in prosocial behavior over time.” and “Kids who spent more time playing prosocial video games reported more prosocial behaviors. And when presented with the social scenarios, these kids were also less likely to attribute hostile intentions to other people”(Dewar, The social effects of video games: Games that promote helpfulness). This study proves that people who play games that encourage more social behavior, encourages the person to actually become more social in the real world. The data also shows that kids who play more pro social games overtime will consistently stay social for a longer period of time. With the help of video games, you could get up and go find yourself people who find similar interests in games, and you have new people to play with. Going to a friend’s house just to play a game of Mario Party with them and having a fun time is one of the greatest things you can do with people. Just spending time in general while playing games creates experiences that are worthwhile. However aside from personal experiences, there are actual locations dedicated to be a place for gamers, by gamers that can be found not just in the digital world, but in real life too.
New York City is a very popular city that is the home of many great gaming dedicated locations. First there are the gaming stores of NYC but there are so many different ones that also end up totaling over at least 100 gaming stores in all of NYC combined. The popular locations people buy games from are the more commonly known places like GameStop, where people go to come together and try to either rip off the system or get ripped off when trying to sell games. But the hidden gems of gaming can go to locations known as JNL, a place where collectors and old school gamers can come together and play games that were created before the smartphone era began, though people also go to this place to try and get early copies of games before they are released to the public. Another location treated as both a place where you can buy games and a place where you can meet new people and experience new things is Nintendo NYC. Nintendo NYC is exclusively only for people who are fans of the nintendo games and it’s a very large community, with currently 15 million systems Nintendo has sold through the span of 3 years, you will find a huge community no matter what game series you love. Nintendo NYC also hosts events us gamers can attend to like midnight releases, streaming videos everyone can gather up and watch together while also reacting together and screaming/shouting when something amazing is announced, and for the younger generation of gamers Nintendo NYC sometimes have characters from the actual games come and take photos.

This picture was taken in Nintendo NYC, as gamers were reacting together to a video game live stream.

In conclusion, although some readers may object that video games are addicting to the youth and make them have unhealthy decisions. For example, in The United States of America the average time spent on playing video games is roughly around 22 hours per week. This results in the youth spending too much time in front of their TVs and spending it all indoors with no one to talk to. This goes against the sense of community of gamers I’ve been stating, however the youth playing video games is now their new way of hanging out with their friends. For my own personal experience, playing video games after coming home from school was the best way I could ever manage to find friends to be with and hang out with. Through video games I was able to create my own community of friends that I spent years with, and enjoyed every day of it. As I grew older, I started to realize that a community of people you can meet up to play games with actually exist in the real world and not just in your screen. After learning how to meet new strangers in online games and befriending them, you can do the exact same thing with people in Nintendo NYC, or the employees in GameStop who also just love games and are excited to talk about them just as your excited to play them. The significance and message of my map is to explain the community of video games isn’t just in an online platform, but it’s in the real world and filled with people that aren’t too different from yourself who are waiting to be challenged in a video game or just someone who just wants to have fun.

My Map: http://drive.google.com/open?id=1-HTwA4Ppgj3BIVTp4xSBAyQufjyALgWq&usp=sharing

Work Cited/Sources:
Fletcher/Movie guide, Lyndee. Charisma News, http://www.charismanews.com/culture/52651-14-mass-murders-linked-to-violent-video-games.

Trump blames video games, movies for violence, 22 Feb. 2018, https://

 

KirbyGCN17.

YouTube, YouTube, 11 June 2019,

 

Dewar, Gwen. “The Effects of Video Games on Social Behavior: Games That Promote Helpfulness.” The Effects of Video Games on Social Behavior: Games That Promote Helpfulness, https://http://www.parentingscience.com/effects-of-video-games-prosocial.html 

Adolescence

Haddy Ceesay

Professor Michael

Eng. 110

Novembe 19th 2019  

 

Adolescence; (Identity versus role of confusion) and (Peers versus parent)

Most of us believe that Adolescence is stressful to get through and a difficult journey, but sometimes it depends on the way we handle it. The identity versus role of confusion stage is a turning point in human development during which adolescent from roughly the age of 12 to 20 years, try to understand and invent who they are by testing out different version of themselves in different social situations. The article, ‘Oranges’ by Gray Soto explains, Adolescence is the beginning of a challenging and transitional period. These changes occur both in the mind and physical appearance. being a teenager is stressful because you get through a difficult journey. However, at that stage many teenagers begin to experience things that were prohibited to them. Although after knowing what it’s all about, most of them stop because they know what is good and bad. At that stage they might want to protect themselves against dangerous things. Although teenager do adopt one either peers or parents, most parent authoritarian are rigid and punitive, and value unquestioning obedience from teens. Most peers are authoritative to them because peers are firm, set a clear limit, reason with their peers and explain things to them.

 

In addition, most teens in the united states especially junior and high school students frog relationship by taking some responsibilities on their own. The need to develop new social relationships and an increasing sense of responsibility and independence. That is to say, to grow up friendly relationships and improve their duties and be free. The cognitive ability that attained during adolescence may also give the risk to new feelings of egocentrism. Ultimately, then, my goal is to demonstrate that the new thinking teenagers achieve leads to the belief that they know everything and know better than anyone else. Again, they are independent in a way teens tries to solves their problem without clear thinking to the outcome. I observe group 0f teens from school or going to school in the subway. Behaving impulsively meaning acting like a kid playing and running in the subway, also some be pushing their colleague towards the platform. I believe teens do such because they think of the positive side rather than also thinking the negative side might happen accidentally. In additional, teens sometimes act as an adult by sharing important advice within them self in the train car by using reason and analyzing their taught in a correct manner and which others can benefit from.

https://www.youtube.coidm/watch?v=Onkd8tChC2A

 

“Adolescence Developing and Identity” by C. Stangor and J. Walinga, which say that, the first time a teen boy picks up a girl and walk her out to a drugstore, and ask her what candy she wants by showing some responsible. At some point he decides without deep thinking for the outcome. “After the girl chooses a chocolate he can’t afford, the boy says, I fingered a nickel in my pocket, and when she lifted a chocolate that cost a dime, I didn’t say anything. I took the nickel from my pocket, then an orange, and set them quietly on the counter”. In essence, the girl wants an expensive candy which the young boy can’t pay. He takes out the little amount of money he got and one off the fruits he was having, without saying anything stand in front of the cashier. In order to see how this relates to adolescent development, the psychology text explains, “Adolescents often seem to act impulsively rather than thoughtfully”. In essence, teenagers normally act without thinking thought it. Most adolescence do act impulsive meaning acting without thinking. Similarly, to the “Oranges” text by just telling the girl to choose what she wants without imagine what the cost might be.

https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457

 

Furthermore, the teenager rationalized ways to deal with his issue of paying for the candy. The speaker says, “when I looked up, the lady’s eyes met mine, and held them, knowing very well what it was all about.” That is to say, while he was standing wanted to tell the lady what he wants, the lady already knew and decide to help them before he even says something. As the psychology text states, during adolescence the child continues to grow physically, cognitively and emotionally”. That’s is to say, at this stage many changes occur like thinking, understand, reasoning and even feelings do develop. At the stage of adolescence teenagers begin to think rationally meaning using reason or good sense to do what they want. As the “Oranges” text demonstrates, he thinks deeper to find out the best strategy he could use, even though before he speaks up to the cashier helped him while the young adult was still thinking.

Moreover, he achieved trust from the girl as a result he feels egocentrism. At the end of the story, the says, “I peeled my orange that was so bright against the gray of December that, from some distance, someone might have thought I was making a fire in my hands”. In other words, when they got out of the store the boy removes the skin of a fruit it was so light in a dark day. At some point people could think that he was having light in my hands. To connect this to adolescence, the psychology text states, “the new cognitive abilities that are attained during adolescence may also give risk to new feelings of egocentrism”. In other words, the new thinking teenagers achieve lead to the belief that they know everything and knows better than anyone else. At this point in time of adulthood most of them think hypothesized that is using knowledge and fact to predict what might happen. This is because at some point the young man has his own believe that someone might think that he has light on his hands in a dark place instead of his orange. He was thinking everyone was concentrating on him.

In the final analysis, the boy in “Oranges” act in different ways one was acting before thinking as a puberty while the other one was thinking before acting as an adult hood. I believe it is important because at this stage you use the one that’s work for them. However, they are between puberty and adulthood therefore they use both in a way that they need it Some people might say that the boy in” Oranges” is behaving as an adult complete. Because if he was behaving as a teenager he would not how to walk a girl at his age. Moreover, would not have any idea on how to solve his problems in the store. However, this is not a strong claim because it depends on the type of teenager he is. Over all it is clear that the young boy act like an adolescence because in every situation he acts differently.

Lastly, I went to a school in Manhattan name path way to graduation, I can call it a high school because they conduct the GED program. The student’s age is between 12 to 21 and my research is based on that category. Most of them find it hard to figure out who they are, and who they want to be. Adolescent do end up confuse because of the different orientation they got from people, which might lead to role of confusion. Again when they ask parent instead parent answering the question they will be directing the way without any explanation of why they should do that. The example given to me by the group of teens was their parents be like our great grandparent follow this way of becoming a teacher or any other area depend on the family, from grandparent to us to you guys and any comment you might thing of adding they will say you are too small to change the family history. Instead of given them chance to try what they want to be. Although adolescent feels pressure to identify what to do with their life. teens be declining reliance on adult for information with a shift toward using the peer group as a source of social judgements. The important attachments of adolescents move increasingly away from parent and increasingly toward peers. As a result, parent influence diminishes at this stage, teens group conclude by saying the things they want to know is given to them by their peers.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Work cited

 Stanford C. and J Walinga. Introduction to Psychology, Victoria BC, BCcampus.2014. 

 

Soto, Gary.”Oranges” PoetryMagazine,www.poetryfoundation.org.may-01-2019.

 

Final post on research proposal

Stephanique Wiggan

Professor Michael

316A

10 December 2019

We are the places to see: tourist Attractions

The topics under consideration is tourist attraction. Tourist attractions are place of interest where tourists visit. Have you ever thought about why people travel? Well, People travel to explore and experience adventure, but when someone visits New York, they do not explore and experience adventure. Instead, they explore the city of Manhattan and not all that New York has to offer. New York is a big city with five boroughs (Bronx, Queens, Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Staten Island) but they are overlook except Manhattan because this city is often consider the apple of tourist’s eye while the other boroughs are diamond in the rough. Although Manhattan has varied tourist attractions, some of the most interesting sights are located in the outer boroughs, the tourism sector needs to expand and promote other tourist spot beyond Manhattan. Promoting and expanding these other attractions will create a better sense and experience for incoming visitors who wants to have an adventurous experience within the City.

New York is a wonderful City where millions of people visit every year because it has many tourist spots. Everyone has a home in New York, whether it is for a lifetime or just a few days, the city is so large and multifaceted that it can satisfy every interest and experience a tourist or local need. Many places would interest a tourist in New York.

https://youtu.be/7xXOVNp1msQ

This video shows attractions a tourist would not want to miss when visiting New York, “10 Top Tourist Attractions in New York City”.  Besides being a great place to experience a little nature, the city has many attractions within its borders, most of them are free making them the fewest cheap things to do in New York, however, tourist hardly seek to see all these spots that are for their pleasure and fun. Some of the most popular places to visit include the Belvedere Castle, Strawberry Fields, the Central Park Zoo, and plenty of the visitors do not see the Lake and majority of these tour spots.

Manhattan is consider the tourist trap and there are more interesting attraction sights beyond Manhattan. Tourist often overlooks these attractions when they visit because their focus of attention is on Manhattan. According to the article “Times Square Named New York’s Top Tourist Attraction”, revealed that visiting Times Square was preferred tourist activity for more than one- third (35%) of internal student with “The Crossroads of the World” proving more popular than many other famous New York’s destinations. Times Square is located within Manhattan and because tourist always want to see the Famous Times Square, they often forget about the other beautiful sights within New York where they can create new memories and experience. Other sight are important and interesting just as the one is in Manhattan and deserves a chance to be see and explored the same. In the article, Robert John Burck, said, “Times Square is so amazing that I have dedicated my life being there. I’ve spent so much time enjoying the tourist attractions Times Square that I have somehow become a tourist myself”. Even locals consider Manhattan as one of the only mean of tourist attractions in New York, which is leaving the other attractions in the outer borough unattended.

There are many tour spots beyond Manhattan that tourist can explore if the tourism sector promote these spots. Look at the Bronx as an example, the Bronx has wonderful highlights. In the book “The Bronx” states that “The Bronx! Of fifty millions of visitors coming to New York City every year, only a small fraction explores the areas outside the borough of Manhattan. By neglecting fully to experience all aspects of this throbbing and vital city, tourist overlook many sites that make the metropolis unique and they fail to witness the daily life of the majority of its eight million residents” (Ultan Llyod and Olson Shelly, 1). Tourists are missing the grandeur and aesthesis of sites that locates in areas outside Manhattan but if the tourism sector were to promote these spots, then tourist would see the importance and relevance of visiting these sites. Visitors would not only want to stay within the borough but instead they will want to be more adventurous and see places such as:

  1.  Botanical Garden- taking a stroll by the beautiful Bronx river where the refreshing waterfalls, just step from the restored Stone Mils.
  2. The Bronx Zoo– animals ranging from all different species, feeling the extraordinary power and wonderful life around the globe.

Imagine if tourist actually had to chance to see other places and not limit their adventure to only one borough. Do you think Manhattan will be the focus for incoming visitors? According to the article, “The best things to do in New York City beyond Manhattan” (Marcus Lilit) listed and elaborated on places that would be great for tourist when staying in the city. Some of these places are:

  1. Dumplings and dance parties located in Queens
  2. Exploring the archipelago
  3. Brooklyn bridge
  4. Verranzo Bridge- which connects Brooklyn and Staten Island as well as Ellis island on the way
  5. Statue of Liberty

All these places are wonderful tour spots for a tourist, however tourists can only experience these sights if they were more see by others and they can relate and talk about these places with enthusiasm and evidence that they had a jovial time.

The tourism industry will not feel the need to promote and expand attractions because they are profitable. They will refuse to expand and promote the sector outside of Manhattan. In reality the industry do not see the effect that attractions has on visitors, they do not value or care about tourist feelings so that visitors can have the opportunity to visit multiple locations instead of just been stuck to one place. The joy and excitement they experience, additionally they had a chance to explore and have a well-spent time in their destination. The tourism industry need to see the pleasure it would have on a tourist. After moving to New York last year, I did not have a chance to tour anywhere other than Manhattan because every time I ask someone what is there to do in New York, the response is the same. They say “You have to see Times Square or go to Manhattan you will find a lot of things to do or places to see” but now I know that there is more to New York than visiting Manhattan. My map will have locations of places outside of Manhattan that if a tourist was supposed to look at it, they will not be limited to just a specific area but they will have a wide variety of places to choose from. A map showing directions away from Manhattan to direct their attention to other attractions that are worthy of seeing and worthy of their time.

Works Cited

Ultan, Llyod, Olson, Shelly. THE BRONX.  New Brunswick: Rutger University Press, 2015. Print

“Times Square Named New York’s Top Tourist Attraction.” PRWeb Newswire, 31 Mar. 2014 Gale General OneFile. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A363346253/ITOF?u=cuny_bron60695&sid=ITOF&xid=e4b23118. Accessed 14 Nov. 2019.

 

 

 

 

Poor Road infrastructure In New York, Affecting all Citizens .

 

 

The topic I will be discussing is poor road conditions in New York city. Roads are maintained by the city, county, and state and each has its own set of maintenance responsibilities when it comes to roads. The interpretation challenges the work of those critics who have long assumes that poor road infrastructure doesn’t affect residents. Recent studies shed a new light on how roads affect the regime of the City. Although there are funds going into fixing roads there is research shows that they are many poor structures still, by increasing funds for the city’s infrastructure it will make commutes easier for residents, traffic can also cause poor road structure. Therefore, this dilemma should be mapped to illustrate the severity of the issue. 

Poor road conditions affect the commute of residents and can be extremely dangerous for drivers. According to “Does poor road conditions increase crashes” (Toshihiro Yokoo) its states” There exist claims that poor pavement quality reduces the ability of roads to drain and reduces the ability of vehicles to resist skidding, and is thus associated with more crashes. In order to improve road safety, several pavement maintenance treatments are carried out, such as “rout and seal cracks” and “hot-mix patching” for improving pavement roughness and distress”. This conveys that by doing proper procedures to fix road pavements will decrease the number of crashes.  York roads tend to be older and they tend to be worn down by heavy traffic and tough winters. Poor road quality causes drivers to spend hundreds to maintenance and other costs related to car damage. Also, when tough winters arrive it makes it difficult to drive because of rocky pavements which causes more accidents in the city during winter.  

Traffic can also cause a problem with the pavement structure. According to New York times article “New York Rates Poorly in Road reports”(2018) it indicates “ The study found that the more heavily trafficked roads in urban areas were typically in worse shape than those in rural areas, with the New York City and Newark metro area ranking sixth worst for pavement conditions in major American cities, with more than half categorized as poor”. This demonstrates, that urban areas are more likely to have rough pavements due to the massive traffic in the city.   

The city is increasing funding for roadways which should make New York roads safer and makes commutes easier. According to the “American council of engineering” (2019) “it states “Additionally, 60% of New York’s major roads are in poor or mediocre condition. In addition to commercial losses, crashes and traffic issues related to poor road conditions cost New Yorkers $19.5 billion each year—more than $1,000 per resident—in medical expenses, lost productivity, insurance and legal expenses. Funding and improving infrastructure not only make New Yorkers safer and more productive, but it is the most direct way to improve the economy.”. The author explains that, by increasing funding it will cost residents less expenses in their health and also on their car. By putting more money in the economy, it will lessen the amount of crashes, medical expenses and traffic within the city. Poorly-maintained roads cause most of the fatal auto accidents that happen each year in the United States. Some of the things that can cause accidents from poor roadways is potholes, uneven road surfaces, broken concrete, exposed rebar, sinkholes, and road cracks.  

Inconclusion, road structure in New York are declining, affecting citizens safety, and costing citizens over thousands of dollars in car repairs. By raising more funding for infrastructure in New York there can be better road conditions.  

Work Cited

“Does poor road conditions increase crashes” (Toshihiro Yokoo)

“New York Rates Poorly in Road reports”(2018)

“American council of engineering” (2019

 

 

 

Autism is a Disability

To show how public school can be a beneficial pathway for children with autism disability in New York City.

Autism is defined as a developmental disorder of variable severity that is characterized by difficulty in social interaction and communication and by restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behavior. During the gestational stage our neurological systems are developing. Once we take our first breath our mental capacities continues to grow. Due to the increase of children with cognitive disabilities such as autism there is growing concerns as to how it will impact children into adulthood. During my research on autism, I found out that there are multiple factors that contribute to the disability, for instance: environmental, genetics, exposure to heavy metal (Neurotoxins), and metabolic imbalance just to name a few. The  map in my article points out to autism in NewYork city. In addition, I will be focusing mainly on the Bronx borough and how the public school system can be an additional and beneficial pathway to children with autism. Map that shows progress from toddler hood to adolescence (autism) the difference of rigorous treatment vs limited treatment struggle. Although there are studies done to show that their are some environmental causes that are susceptible to autism in NewYork City, governmental organizations such as the National Institute of Environmental Sciences (NIEHS) can do so much more, but fails to do so in helping and educating pregnant mothers. Ultimately,what is at stake here is people’s lives. Recent studies shed new light on autistic children and the theory that it is caused by exposure to environmental chemicals which previous studies have not addressed and the rates are increasing even higher yearly due to toxic exposure during pregnancy.

With a population of approximately 8.55 million people  living in NYC their needs to be legislation implemented in order to decrease and prevent further harm and exposure to people living in the environment. According to Philip J. Landrigan, Luca Lambetrini, and Linda S. Birnbaum “ A Research Strategy to Discover the Environmental Causes of autism and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities”, in reference to the Environmental Health Perspective, they indicate that “ Proof of the principle’ that early exposures can cause autism comes from studies linking ASD to medications taken in the first trimester of pregnancy ….. rubella infection.” All these medications that they are giving to both children and parents are considered environmental causation too. And to make matters worse, once a child is born they are given their first dose of vaccines within the first 24 hours of birth. The vaccines vitamin k and hepatitis B, are filled with neurotoxins that hinder cognitive development. http://(National Research Council 2000(, this hyperlink is linked to background information about Scientific Frontiers in Developmental toxicology and Risk Assessment. First off, researchers have found that there are some deadly chemicals that people are exploring which causes harm to thousands of children and endangers the lives of pregnant mothers which gradually breakdown and later affect stages in prenatal development. Then they further explained that these examinations are taken to better improve the health of parents also the child so that it doesn’t lead to other issues such as birth outcomes, childhood morbidity and even other health related illnesses like cardiovascular disease. However, there is so much more that can be done. I agree with the authors views that, “In addition, these disorders place enormous economic burdens on society,” because they have to further evaluate research which cost a lot, by sending and testing results from one lab to another to make sure that the results are accurate. Yet at the same time I disagree because people’s lives are at risk here. In order to make sure that they are reliable, epidemiological study and data, money has to be spent in this process in order to find the treatment for autism.

Too often we take into consideration the  amount of money that is being spent, but how can we improve or even solve the issue and provide treatment for autistic children in NYC if no work is being put in. In the article, by authors Cynthia C. Woo, Michael Leon “Environmental enrichment as an effective treatment for Autism: A randomized controlled trial”, they mention the impact of certain medications on different age groups. First they argue that, “ While significant improvement in autism symptoms have been reported following intensive early behavioral interventions, these expensive approaches are typically effective to some degree for some children, and only if initiated early in life.” Early detection of autism is very important and can be improved once noticed. He explains this when he states, “ Here, we have used a low-cost therapeutic approach … in our study ‘This treatment also benefits autistic children who are past the age at which other treatments are effective.” So, once the child’s past a certain age and depending on the treatment it predicts how well it will work. In addition, while conducting the research they highlighted and briefly explained that apart from using medication, things such as behavioral analysis, speech therapy, occupational therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy could be used to improve autistic person intellectual functioning. In fact, cerebral work  is a very important approach. Parents sending their children to school help in this process by engaging children in reasoning with others and comprehending complex ideas since autistic people may suffer with intellectual disability.

We as humans tend to always blame parents, but in order to make the world a better place teachers too can play their part on getting better training in understanding how to deal with special needs children, especially autistic children. According to  “Understanding Autism: A Guide for Secondary School Teachers (Part 1),” this video essentially lead subordinate school teachers on better ways of understanding autism in New York. The spokesperson in this video states “Just because they can talk very intelligently to you in a monologue doesn’t mean that they don’t have a disability.” It’s just a way for them sometimes to try interacting with people. When they do this they are happy even if they are repeating the same thing over and over again because they themselves think they are actually having a conversation.  Normal children often believes that children with autism do not have any sense but they do and they are supposed to be treated like non-austic students. Fortunately with the increase in special needs educators there will be more opportunity for cognitive corrections. I agree that these children have “ Extreme sensory Sensitivities,” which means they have a different sensation to things. For example, they have the ability to hear sound from a far distance. So overall this video was very important and helpful which shows how beneficial it is to have secondary school teachers in the classroom who understand and will do everything they can to help autistic children because they process information much differently. This is where further research has been done to further develop therapy in helping autistic children.

How can we know if these therapies really work? Well the only way to know is by trying. According to “ 10 Types of Autism Therapy | Autism,”this video elaborates on the therapies that these children are getting and how it is based on the child’s physical needs. For example a child suffering from speaking properly the speaker in the video would recommend speech delay. Apart from the speech therapy other therapies that have been used are: occupational, ABA, RDI, PECS, TEACH, Sensory, Floortime, Swimming and Behavioral therapy. This video is an essential proof to my report  because it has educational information on what they are doing on improving the issues in NYC by developing more and more therapies to fulfill their needs. The speaker mentions about one commonly therapy that has been used is the behavioral therapy which helps children with autism work on their social communication and learning and even self care. This is really important because often times autistic child struggle with communicating and social interactions so the fact that they are implementing these therapies to help is a good thing. This video helps in reminding parents that true their most stressful times getting swamp it is true continued support  that really helps the get the full outcome of a child so must be reinforced. In conclusion, reflecting back it was mind blowing how people of course wanted to reward question whether or not vaccines are accountable for autistic spectrum disorder. However, the evidence I’ve cited proves conclusively that vaccines and medication are responsible for autism spectrum disorder and also environmental causation. In this day and age, we all know that technology has opened the eyes of many of these authors and researchers to view, collect, process and implement treatments for different health related illnesses and disabilities. Precisely the circumstances of autism was unrecognized. Today, it is acknowledged as neurological disorder of significance in which many scientists and researchers seek to rectify. Many organizations including the NEIGHS have fought so hard on finding the causes for the disorder as well as which treatment would work best. With all these treatments that have been developed to help these children there is a major improvement in their communication, their movements and even the potential to speak more fluently. These articles were very important because they included the map which shows the environmental causes of autism in NewYork City and the ways in which the public school system can be a beneficial pathways for children with autism. Finally, what I have learned from these articles and videos is that research is very important, because  it helps you gain insight to so many things that haven’t been known which you could teach someone else about. Furthermore that the main goal of this research was to learn more about autism which means I now know the treatments for autism and how this research could lead to better school benefits down the line.

Works Cited

Cynthia C. Woo, Michael Leon “Environmental enrichment as an effective treatment for Autism

A randomized controlled trial”. Behavioral Neuroscience, vol. 127, no. 4, 2013, pp 487-

497,doi:10.137/a0033010.

https://onesearch.cuny.edu/permalink/f/1ltdfna/TN_apa_articles10.1037/a0033010

Philip J. Landrigan, Luca Lambetrini, and Linda S. Birnbaum “ A Research Strategy to Discover

          the Environmental Causes of autism and Neurodevelopmental Disabilities”. Environmental

          Health Perspective, vol.120, no. 7, 2012, doi: 10.1289/eph.1104285.

           https://onesearch.cuny.edu/permalink/f/1ltdfna/TN_proquest1024099183

“Understanding Autism: A Guide for Secondary School Teachers (Part 1)”, Organization for

Autism  Research.  7 March 2013, https://youtu.be/4yAAOI6JUsM.

10 Type of Autism Therapy | Autism, YouTube, 22 NOV 2014.  https://youtu.be/JeMycRm-H6M.